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Notes on Growth and Development in Crop Production

Notes on Growth and Development in Crop Production

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Definition and Concepts:

Crop Growth: The physical development of a plant from seed germination to maturity.
Crop Development: The physiological and biochemical changes in plants over time.
Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize food from carbon dioxide and water.

Historical Development:

Neolithic Revolution (around 10,000 BC): Beginning of agriculture with the domestication of plants.
18th Century: The Agricultural Revolution in Europe, introducing crop rotation and improved breeding.
Green Revolution (1940s-1960s): Increased agricultural production worldwide, especially in developing countries, led by Norman Borlaug.

Key Figures and Scientists:

Norman Borlaug (1914-2009): Known as the "father of the Green Revolution," awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970.
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884): Founder of modern genetics, known for his work on pea plant inheritance.
Justus von Liebig (1803-1873): German scientist who advanced the study of plant nutrition and soil fertility.

Important Concepts in Crop Production:

Monoculture: Growing the same crop in the same place every year.
Polyculture: Growing multiple crops in the same space at the same time.
Crop Rotation: The practice of growing different crops sequentially on the same land to improve soil health and reduce pests.

Technological Advancements:

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Introduction in the 1990s, offering higher yields and disease resistance.
Precision Agriculture: Use of GPS, IoT, and data analytics for efficient and optimized farming.
Hydroponics: Soil-less farming technique using nutrient-rich water, gaining popularity in urban agriculture.

Key Data and Figures:

Global Crop Production: In 2021, the global cereal production was estimated at 2.79 billion tonnes (FAO).
Yield Increase: Since the 1960s, wheat yields have increased from 1.2 to 3.0 tons per hectare globally.
Land Use: Approximately 50% of the habitable land is used for agriculture, with crops taking up about 12% of that land.

Examples of Major Crops:

Cereals: Wheat, rice, and maize are the top three staple crops globally.
Cash Crops: Examples include cotton, coffee, tea, and sugarcane.
Legumes: Such as beans, lentils, and peas, important for nitrogen fixation in soil.

Environmental Impact:

Deforestation for Agriculture: Leading cause of habitat loss and biodiversity decline.
Pesticide Use: Concerns over environmental and health impacts.
Water Usage: Agriculture accounts for about 70% of global freshwater withdrawals.

Future Trends and Challenges:

Climate Change: Impacting crop yields and requiring adaptation in farming practices.
Population Growth: Expected to increase demand for food production.
Sustainable Agriculture: Focus on environmentally friendly practices and food security.

Innovative Practices:

Urban Farming: Includes rooftop gardens and vertical farming.
Organic Farming: Avoids synthetic pesticides and fertilizers.
Agroforestry: Integrating trees and shrubs into crop and animal farming systems.

Notes on 1a. Importance of Agriculture in Indian Economy, Agriculture Scenarios, Agriculture Current Affairs

Notes on 1a. Importance of Agriculture in Indian Economy, Agriculture Scenarios, Agriculture Current Affairs

Source: General Agriculture by Muniraj

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*Data Year: 2018-19 (Read Latest Data from Agriculture Current Affairs “AGRICA” by RS Maitry Sir )

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Food Grain Production Data:

Total Food grain production: 284.83 MT
Total estimated kharif food grain production: 141.59 MT
Total Kharif food grains production: 140.73 MT
Total Rabi food grains production: 144.10 MT
Total Food grain production growth from FY 16-17: 9.72 MT
Total Food grains production: 275.11 MT
Total Kharif food grains production: 138.33 MT
Total Rabi food grains production: 136.78 MT

Cereal and Other Crop Production Data:

Total Cereals production: 259.59 MT
Total production of Rice: 112.91 MT
Total production of Wheat: 99.70 MT
Total production of Pulses: 25.23 MT
Production growth in Pulses from year 16-17: 3.10MT
Total Oilseed production: 31.30 MT
Growth in Oil seed production from year 16-17: 0.03 MT
Total Cotton production: 34.88 Million Bales
Growth in Cotton production from year 16-17: 2.31 Million Bales
Total Jute production: 9.62 Million Bales
Total Sugarcane production: 376.90 MT
Growth in Sugarcane production from year 16-17: 70.84 MT

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CUET PG Exam 2024 in Agriculture Science - Key Details

CUET PG Exam 2024 in Agriculture Science - Key Details:

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Source: Official website: CUET (PG) - 2024 (samarth.ac.in) or https://pgcuet.samarth.ac.in/

Notification: The National Testing Agency (NTA) released the CUET PG 2024 public notice on December 26, 2023, on the official website. It contains comprehensive details about the exam, including objectives, eligibility, application process, exam pattern, syllabus, and participating universities. You can download the notice from the official website.
About The Common University Entrance Test [CUET (PG)] 2024: The National Testing Agency (NTA) has been mandated by the Ministry of Education and UGC to conduct Common University Entrance Test (CUET) for admission into Postgraduate Programmes in Central and other participating Universities / Institutions / Organizations / Autonomous Colleges.
CUET (PG) Details: CUET (PG) will provide a single window opportunity to students seeking admission in the Central Universities (CUs) or other participating organizations (including State Universities, Deemed and Private Universities) across the Country.
Mode of Examination:
CUET (PG) 2024 will be conducted in Computer Based Test mode only.
Exam Date: CUET PG 2024 will be conducted online from March 11 to March 28, 2024. The exam will have three shifts per day: 9:00 am to 12:00 pm, 2:00 pm to 5:00 pm, and 6:00 pm to 9:00 pm. The specific exam date and shift will be mentioned on the candidate's admit card.
Application Timeline:

- Online Submission of Application Form through Website: 26 December 2023 to 24 January 2024 (up to 11:50 P.M.)

- Last date of successful transaction of fee through Credit/Debit Card/NetBanking/UPI: 25 January 2024 (up to 11:50 P.M.)

- Correction in Particulars of Application Form on the website only: 27 January 2024 to 29 January 2024 (up to 11:50 P.M.)

Examination Schedule:

- Date of Examination: 11 March 2024 to 28 March 2024

- Duration | Shift: 1 hour 45 minutes (105 Minutes) | 3 Shifts

- Timing of Examination: Will be announced later on the website

Medium of Question Papers (QP):
The medium of Question Paper for CUET (PG) 2024 will be English and Hindi (Bilingual) except for languages, M. Tech Higher Sciences and Acharya papers (except Hindu Studies, Baudha Dharshan and Indian Knowledge System).
Exam Pattern / Structure of Question Papers:

1. Candidate can choose maximum of four question paper codes.

2. There would be no General Test with each paper.

3. The candidate can choose General paper as a Subject. The comprehension part of these papers would be English or Hindi as chosen by the candidate during registration.

4. Duration of Exam would be of 105 Minutes.

5. The Question paper will have 75 Questions.

6. Four marks would be awarded for each correct answer and one mark will be deducted for each wrong answer.

7. Languages papers will be in concerned language except Linguistic which would be in English.

8. The syllabus for the question paper codes will be available on the website.

Marking Scheme:
Four marks would be awarded for each correct answer and one mark will be deducted for each wrong answer.
Syllabus of CUET (PG): The syllabus for the question paper codes will be available on the website.
For Agricultural Science (SCQP01)

1. Agronomy

2. Genetics & Plant Breeding

3. Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry

4. Plant Physiology

5. Horticulture

6. Entomology

7. Agricultural Economics

8. Mycology & Plant Pathology

9. Agricultural Engineering & Statistics

10. Agricultural Extension Education

Eligibility: Eligibility criteria are determined by participating universities and specific subject requirements. In general, candidates should hold a bachelor's degree in the relevant discipline with at least 55% marks (50% for reserved categories) from a recognized university. Candidates must also meet age limits, nationality, and other criteria set by participating universities.
Previous Year Questions: As CUET PG 2024 is being conducted for the first time, official previous year question papers are unavailable. However, some websites may offer sample papers or mock tests based on the syllabus and exam pattern for practice
Additional Information:
- Candidates can call NTA Help Desk at 011 4075 9000 or write to NTA at cuet-pg@nta.ac.in for any queries or clarifications.
- The list of participating universities is dynamic, and the list of participating universities would be changing till the completion of the Registration process.

Frequently asked questions about CUET PG Exam 2024:

Q: What is CUET (PG) - 2024?

A: CUET (PG) - 2024 is an entrance exam conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) for admission to various postgraduate courses offered by Central Universities.

Q: What is the mode of examination for CUET (PG) - 2024?

A: The mode of examination for CUET (PG) - 2024 is Computer Based Test (CBT) mode only.

Q: What is the marking scheme for CUET (PG) - 2024?

A: Four marks would be awarded for each correct answer and one mark will be deducted for each wrong answer.

Q: What is the duration of the CUET (PG) - 2024 exam?

A: The duration of the CUET (PG) - 2024 exam is 105 minutes.

Q: What is the medium of question papers for CUET (PG) - 2024?

A: The medium of question papers for CUET (PG) - 2024 is English and Hindi (Bilingual) except for languages, M. Tech Higher Sciences and Acharya papers (except Hindu Studies, Baudha Dharshan and Indian Knowledge System).

Q: How many questions are there in the CUET (PG) - 2024 exam?

A: The CUET (PG) - 2024 exam has 75 questions.

Q: What is the eligibility criteria for CUET (PG) - 2024?

A: The eligibility criteria for CUET (PG) - 2024 varies for different courses. Candidates are advised to check the eligibility criteria for their desired course on the official website.

Q: What is the syllabus for CUET (PG) - 2024?

A: The syllabus for CUET (PG) - 2024 varies for different courses. Candidates can check the syllabus for their desired course on the official website.

Q: What is the role of NTA in CUET (PG) - 2024?

A: NTA is responsible for conducting the CUET (PG) - 2024 exam and declaring the results.

Q: What is the punishment for using unfair means practices in CUET (PG) - 2024?

A: The punishment for using unfair means practices in CUET (PG) - 2024 can lead to cancellation of the result.

Source : Official Website

Or Agrimly Website

Information Bulletin for CUET PG 2024 EXAM.pdf

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) for CUET (PG) 2024:

SOURCE: OFFICIAL WEBSITE

What is CUET (PG) 2024?

- CUET (PG) 2024 is the Common University Entrance Test conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) for admission into Postgraduate Programmes in Central and other participating Universities / Institutions / Organizations / Autonomous Colleges.

When can I submit the application form for CUET (PG) 2024?

- The online submission of the application form will be available from 26 December 2023 to 24 January 2024 (up to 11:50 P.M.).

What is the last date for the successful transaction of the application fee?

- The last date of successful transaction of fee through Credit/Debit Card/NetBanking/UPI is 25 January 2024 (up to 11:50 P.M.).

Can I make corrections to my application form after submission?

- Yes, you can make corrections in the particulars of the application form on the website only from 27 January 2024 to 29 January 2024 (up to 11:50 P.M.).

When will the CUET (PG) 2024 examination take place?

- The date of examination is from 11 March 2024 to 28 March 2024.

How can I get more information or seek clarifications regarding CUET (PG) 2024?

- Candidates can call NTA Help Desk at 011 4075 9000 or write to NTA at cuet-pg@nta.ac.in for any queries or clarifications.

Where can I find the list of participating universities for CUET (PG) 2024?

- The list of participating universities is dynamic, and candidates are advised to regularly visit NTA website(s) www.nta.ac.in, https://pgcuet.samarth.ac.in for the latest updates regarding the examination.

What is the duration and shift timing for the CUET (PG) 2024 examination?

- The duration of the examination is 1 hour 45 minutes (105 Minutes) with 3 shifts. The timing of the examination will be announced later on the website.

These FAQs provide essential information about CUET (PG) 2024 and the application process. For further details, candidates are encouraged to refer to the official notification and the Information Bulletin hosted on the website of NTA 1, 1.

130 Days Exam Plan for ICAR JRF MSc Entrance Exam in Horticulture based on Latest Syllabus

130 Days Exam Plan for ICAR JRF MSc Entrance Exam in Horticulture based on Latest Syllabus:

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Unit I: Importance of Agriculture in the National Economy and Basic Principles of Crop Production

Importance of Agriculture in the National Economy
Basic Principles of Crop Production - Part 1
Basic Principles of Crop Production - Part 2
Basic Principles of Crop Production - Part 3
Role of NPK in Crop Production
Deficiency Symptoms of NPK
Structure and Function of Cell Organelles
Mitosis and Meiosis
Mendelian Genetics in Crop Production
Elementary Knowledge of Photosynthesis
Elementary Knowledge of Respiration
Elementary Knowledge of Transpiration
Structure and Functions of Carbohydrates
Structure and Functions of Proteins
Structure and Functions of Nucleic Acids
Structure and Functions of Enzymes
Structure and Functions of Vitamins
Major Pests of Rice and Their Management
Major Diseases of Rice and Their Management
Major Pests of Wheat and Their Management
Major Diseases of Wheat and Their Management
Major Pests of Cotton and Their Management
Major Diseases of Cotton and Their Management
Major Pests of Chickpea and Their Management
Major Diseases of Chickpea and Their Management
Major Pests of Sugarcane and Their Management
Major Diseases of Sugarcane and Their Management
Important Rural Development Programs in India
Organizational Setup of Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension in India
Elements of Statistics in Agriculture

Unit II: Horticultural Practices and Crop Cultivation

Introduction to Horticulture
Classification of Horticultural Crops
Climatic Requirements for Horticultural Crops
Plant Nutrients and Their Functions
Deficiency Symptoms of Plant Nutrients
Manures and Their Application
Fertilizers and Their Application
Systems of Irrigation in Horticulture
Layout and Establishment of Orchards
Pruning and Training of Fruit Trees
Propagation of Fruit Trees
Cultivation of Mango Trees
Cultivation of Banana
Cultivation of Citrus Fruits
Cultivation of Guava Trees
Cultivation of Grapevines
Cultivation of Pineapple
Cultivation of Papaya
Cultivation of Apple
Cultivation of Pear
Cultivation of Peach
Cultivation of Plum
Cultivation of Coconut
Cultivation of Cashew Nut
Cultivation of Black Pepper
Cultivation of Coriander
Cultivation of Turmeric
Physiological Disorders in Horticultural Crops - Part 1
Physiological Disorders in Horticultural Crops - Part 2
Major Vegetable Crops of Tropical Regions - Part 1
Major Vegetable Crops of Tropical Regions - Part 2
Major Vegetable Crops of Tropical Regions - Part 3
Major Vegetable Crops of Tropical Regions - Part 4
Major Vegetable Crops of Subtropical Regions - Part 1
Major Vegetable Crops of Subtropical Regions - Part 2
Major Vegetable Crops of Subtropical Regions - Part 3
Major Vegetable Crops of Temperate Regions - Part 1
Major Vegetable Crops of Temperate Regions - Part 2
Major Vegetable Crops of Temperate Regions - Part 3
Techniques for Raising Nursery Plants
Nutritive Value of Fruits in Human Nutrition
Nutritive Value of Vegetables in Human Nutrition
Basic Physiology of Ripening in Fruits
Basic Physiology of Ripening in Vegetables
Types of Fruit Products
Types of Vegetable Products
Control of Fungal Diseases in Fruits - Part 1
Control of Fungal Diseases in Fruits - Part 2
Control of Bacterial Diseases in Fruits - Part 1
Control of Bacterial Diseases in Fruits - Part 2
Control of Fungal Diseases in Vegetables - Part 1
Control of Fungal Diseases in Vegetables - Part 2
Control of Bacterial Diseases in Vegetables - Part 1
Control of Bacterial Diseases in Vegetables - Part 2
Major Floricultural Crops in India
Commercial Cultivation of Roses
Commercial Cultivation of Carnations
Commercial Cultivation of Chrysanthemums
Commercial Cultivation of Marigolds
Commercial Cultivation of Tuberose
Commercial Cultivation of Gladiolus
Commercial Cultivation of Orchids
Establishment of Lawns
Maintenance of Lawns
Establishment of Trees
Maintenance of Trees
Establishment of Shrubs
Maintenance of Shrubs
Establishment of Creepers
Maintenance of Creepers
Establishment of Hedges
Maintenance of Hedges
Establishment of Annuals
Maintenance of Annuals
Types of Gardens
Methods of Crop Improvement
Concepts of Male Sterility in Plants
Concepts of Incompatibility in Plants
Plant Breeding Methods
Pure Line Selection
Pedigree Selection
Backcrossing in Plant Breeding
Mass Selection in Plant Breeding
Heterosis in Plant Breeding
Management of Pests in Fruit Crops - Part 1
Management of Pests in Fruit Crops - Part 2
Management of Pests in Fruit Crops - Part 3
Management of Pests in Fruit Crops - Part 4
Management of Diseases in Fruit Crops - Part 1
Management of Diseases in Fruit Crops - Part 2
Management of Diseases in Fruit Crops - Part 3
Management of Diseases in Fruit Crops - Part 4
Management of Pests in Vegetable Crops - Part 1
Management of Pests in Vegetable Crops - Part 2
Management of Pests in Vegetable Crops - Part 3
Management of Diseases in Vegetable Crops - Part 1
Management of Diseases in Vegetable Crops - Part 2
Management of Diseases in Vegetable Crops - Part 3
Final Practice Test 1
Final Practice Test 2

Syllabus for ICAR AIEEA PG JRF Exam for Group: Code 08: MAJOR SUBJECT GROUP - HORTICULTURE

SYLLABI FOR ICAR’S ALL INDIA ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FOR ADMISSION TO MASTER DEGREE PROGRAMMES AND ICAR-PG SCHOLARSHIP/NTS (PGS)

Syllabus for ICAR AIEEA PG JRF Exam for Group:

(CLICK HERE)

Code 08: MAJOR SUBJECT GROUP - HORTICULTURE

Sub-Subjects:

8.1: Horticulture
8.2: Vegetable Crops or Sci. / Olericulture
8.3: Pomology/ Fruit Sci., Fruit Sci. and Horticulture Technology
8.4: Post-Harvest Technology of Horticultural Crops
8.5: Floriculture & Landscaping Architecture
8.6: Plantation Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops

UNIT-I: Importance of Agriculture in the National Economy and Basic Principles of Crop Production

Cultivation of various crops including rice, wheat, chickpea, pigeon-pea, sugarcane, groundnut, tomato, and mango.
Major soils of India and the role of NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) and deficiency symptoms.
Structure and function of cell organelles.
Mitosis and meiosis.
Mendelian genetics.
Elementary knowledge of photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration.
Structure and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, and vitamins.
Major pests and diseases of rice, wheat, cotton, chickpea, sugarcane, and their management.
Important rural development programs in India.
Organizational setup of agricultural research, education, and extension in India.
Elements of statistics.

UNIT-II: Horticultural Practices and Crop Cultivation

Layout and establishment of orchards.
Pruning and training of fruit trees.
Propagation and climatic requirements for fruits like mango, banana, citrus, guava, grape, pineapple, papaya, apple, pear, peach, and plum.
Cultivation of plantation crops like coconut and cashew nut.
Cultivation of spices like black pepper, coriander, and turmeric.
Physiological disorders in horticultural crops.
Major vegetable crops of tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions.
Techniques for raising nursery plants.
Nutritive value of fruits and vegetables and their role in human nutrition.
Basic physiology of ripening in fruits and vegetables.
Types of fruits and vegetable products and control of fungal and bacterial diseases.
Major floricultural crops grown in India for commercial purposes such as rose, carnation, chrysanthemum, marigold, tuberose, gladiolus, and orchids.
Establishment and maintenance of lawns, trees, shrubs, creepers, hedges, and annuals.
Types of gardens and methods of crop improvement.
Concepts of male sterility and incompatibility.
Plant breeding methods including pure line and pedigree selection, backcross, and mass selection.
Heterosis (hybrid vigor).
Plant nutrients, deficiency symptoms, manures, and fertilizers.
Systems of irrigation.
Management of important pests and diseases of fruits and vegetables.

Cultivation of Forage sorghum -for All Agriculture Exams IBPS ADO, RAEO, JRF, SRF & CUET Target Exam

This exam facts are from famous book: Handbook of Agriculture published by I C A R

Importances of Forage sorghum

Sorghum as green foliage is very popular in western Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana.
Forage sorghum is characterized by quick growth, high biomass accumulation and dry-matter content.
Forage sorghum is also suitable for silage and hay making.(This is asked in ICAR S R F 2022)

In summer under irrigation, multicut sorghum is popular.
Improved varieties and hybrids of forage sorghum single cut are Haryana Charai 6.(This is asked in IBPS Agriculture Field Officer Exam 2019)
Improved varieties and hybrids of forage sorghum multi cut are: Meethi Sudan, Pusa chari 23.
The dual purpose (both forage and grain production) varieties and hybrids are CSV 15 and CSH 13.
Seed rate of 10 kg per ha for multicut sorghum and 25 kg per ha for single-cut sorghum is required.
Optimum spacing is 45 cm between rows for multicut sorghum and 30 cm between rows for single-cut sorghum.(This is asked in Rajasthan Agriculture Officer Exam 2018)
Fertilizer application 100 kg N and 60 kg P2O5 per ha for multicut sorghum and 80 kg N and 40 kg P2O5 per ha for single-cut sorghum is recommended.
HCN is present in sorghum especially in early stages up to 40 to 50 days. (This is asked in ICAR J R F 2020)
Proper care has to be exercised during harvesting sorghum to avoid HCN poisoning.
Single-cut sorghum varieties are harvested from 50% flowering to full bloom. (This is asked in IBPS Agriculture Field Officer Exam 2020)
Multicut sorghum varieties are the first harvest at 55 days after sowing and subsequent cuts at 40 days interval.