3.2b Cultivation of Rabi Cereals (Barley, Oats, Rye, Triticale) - 20 MCQs

MCQs on Barley, Oats, Rye, and Triticale

Test your knowledge with these multiple-choice questions.

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3.1b Cultivation of Kharif Cereals (Maize) - 20 MCQs

Cultivation of Maize Quiz

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3.1a Cultivation of Kharif Cereals (Rice) - 20 MCQs

Cultivation of Rice Quiz

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Nanotechnology - Concepts, Techniques and Application

Nanotechnology - Concepts, Techniques and Application, Nano-particles, Nano-pesticides, Nano-fertilisers, Nano-sensors

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Background of Nanotechnology:

• Nanotechnology's origins date back 2000 years, with nanocrystals and gold nanoparticles used historically.
• In 1959, Richard Feynman envisioned manipulating atoms and molecules.
• The term " nanotechnology " was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974 .
• Significant milestones include the development of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (1981) and the discovery of the Buckminsterfullerene (1985) .

Definition and Concepts:

• Nanoscience studies materials at atomic, molecular, and macromolecular scales .
• Nanotechnologies involve controlling shape and size at the nanoscale.
• The US National Nanotechnology Initiative defines it as the control of matter at dimensions of 1-100 nm.
• Nanoparticles are ultrafine units with dimensions in nanometers.
• Physical properties of nanoparticles include high mobility, large specific surface areas, and quantum effects.
• Bottom-up and top-down approaches are used in nanotechnology.

Tools and Techniques:

• Traditional techniques include characterizing particle size distribution and surface charge.
• Advanced tools include Atomic Force Microscope and Scanning Tunneling Microscope.
• Scanning probe microscopy techniques are crucial for both characterizing and synthesizing nanomaterials.
• Nanolithography methods and molecular self-assembly techniques are also significant.
• The bottom-up approach builds structures atom by atom, while top-down reduces bulk material to nanoscale patterns.
• Dual polarisation interferometer measures molecular interactions at the nanoscale.

Applications and Development:

• Nanotechnology's applications span various fields including medicine, engineer ing, and agriculture .
• Properties of materials change significantly at the nanoscale, leading to unique applications.
• Development of responsive nanomaterials for therapeutic products is ongoing.

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Notes on Growth and Development in Crop Production

Notes on Growth and Development in Crop Production

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1. Definition and Concepts:

• Crop Growth: The physical development of a plant from seed germination to maturity.
• Crop Development: The physiological and biochemical changes in plants over time.
• Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize food from carbon dioxide and water.

1. Historical Development:

• Neolithic Revolution (around 10,000 BC): Beginning of agriculture with the domestication of plants.
• 18th Century: The Agricultural Revolution in Europe, introducing crop rotation and improved breeding.
• Green Revolution (1940s-1960s): Increased agricultural production worldwide, especially in developing countries, led by Norman Borlaug.

1. Key Figures and Scientists:

• Norman Borlaug (1914-2009): Known as the "father of the Green Revolution," awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970.
• Gregor Mendel (1822-1884): Founder of modern genetics, known for his work on pea plant inheritance.
• Justus von Liebig (1803-1873): German scientist who advanced the study of plant nutrition and soil fertility.

1. Important Concepts in Crop Production:

• Monoculture: Growing the same crop in the same place every year.
• Polyculture: Growing multiple crops in the same space at the same time.
• Crop Rotation: The practice of growing different crops sequentially on the same land to improve soil health and reduce pests.

1. Technological Advancements:

• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Introduction in the 1990s, offering higher yields and disease resistance.
• Precision Agriculture: Use of GPS, IoT, and data analytics for efficient and optimized farming.
• Hydroponics: Soil-less farming technique using nutrient-rich water, gaining popularity in urban agriculture.

1. Key Data and Figures:

• Global Crop Production: In 2021, the global cereal production was estimated at 2.79 billion tonnes (FAO).
• Yield Increase: Since the 1960s, wheat yields have increased from 1.2 to 3.0 tons per hectare globally.
• Land Use: Approximately 50% of the habitable land is used for agriculture, with crops taking up about 12% of that land.

1. Examples of Major Crops:

• Cereals: Wheat, rice, and maize are the top three staple crops globally.
• Cash Crops: Examples include cotton, coffee, tea, and sugarcane.
• Legumes: Such as beans, lentils, and peas, important for nitrogen fixation in soil.

1. Environmental Impact:

• Deforestation for Agriculture: Leading cause of habitat loss and biodiversity decline.
• Pesticide Use: Concerns over environmental and health impacts.
• Water Usage: Agriculture accounts for about 70% of global freshwater withdrawals.

1. Future Trends and Challenges:

• Climate Change: Impacting crop yields and requiring adaptation in farming practices.
• Population Growth: Expected to increase demand for food production.
• Sustainable Agriculture: Focus on environmentally friendly practices and food security.

1. Innovative Practices:

• Urban Farming: Includes rooftop gardens and vertical farming.
• Organic Farming: Avoids synthetic pesticides and fertilizers.
• Agroforestry: Integrating trees and shrubs into crop and animal farming systems.

25 Multiple-choice questions MCQ on Organic Farming

25 Multiple-choice questions MCQ on Organic Farming

Source: Modern Concepts of Agronomy by ISA

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1. Who is considered the father of modern organic agriculture?

   A) Sir Albert Howard

   B) F.H. King

   C) Rudolf Steiner

   D) Lord Northbourne

   Correct Answer: A) Sir Albert Howard

   Explanation: Sir Albert Howard is widely recognized as the father of modern organic agriculture.

2. In which year was the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) created?

   A) 1940

   B) 1962

   C) 1972

   D) 1991

   Correct Answer: C) 1972

   Explanation: IFOAM was created in 1972 in Versailles, France.

3. Which book by Rachel Louise Carson led to the 1972 ban on DDT by the USA Government?

   A) The Living Soil

   B) Look to the Land

   C) Silent Spring

   D) Spiritual Foundations for the Renewal of Agriculture

   Correct Answer: C) Silent Spring

   Explanation: "Silent Spring" by Rachel Louise Carson played a significant role in the environmental movement, leading to the 1972 ban on DDT in the USA.

4. Which country was the largest organic producer in 2021?

   A) India

   B) Argentina

   C) China

   D) Australia

   Correct Answer: D) Australia

   Explanation: In 2021, Australia had the largest organic area with 35.7 million hectares.

5. As of 2021, which region had the largest share of organic agricultural land?

   A) Europe

   B) Oceania

   C) Latin America

   D) Asia

   Correct Answer: B) Oceania

   Explanation: Oceania had the largest share of organic agricultural land in 2021, with 38.9%.

6. What is the main focus of biodynamic agriculture?

   A) Chemical fertilizers and pesticides

   B) Treating the farm as a living system

   C) Using only synthetic inputs

   D) Maximizing yield per hectare

   Correct Answer: B) Treating the farm as a living system

   Explanation: Biodynamic agriculture focuses on treating the farm as a living system, with an emphasis on healthy soil and nourishing food production.

7. What does the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) in India include?

   A) Only organic production standards

   B) Accreditation for Certification Bodies, organic standards, and promotion of organic farming

   C) Solely focused on export regulation

   D) Only certification of organic products

   Correct Answer: B) Accreditation for Certification Bodies, organic standards, and promotion of organic farming

   Explanation: NPOP includes an accreditation program for Certification Bodies, organic production standards, and the promotion of organic farming.

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Note: if any correction needed, please comments below

Agronomy MCQs for Practice

Agronomy MCQ for Bihar BAO Exam. Free

1. What is the definition of 'Plant Population' in the context of agriculture?

   a) The variety of plants in a specific area

   b) The number of plants per unit area in the cropped field#

   c) The genetic diversity of plants in a field

   d) The total number of plants in a farming region

2. How does plant spacing impact crop yield under low plant population conditions?

   a) Leads to uniform plant growth

   b) Results in higher individual plant yields due to wider spacing#

   c) Causes rapid soil nutrient depletion

   d) Increases competition for sunlight

3. For medium duration rice, what is the optimum plant population per hectare?

   a) 6,66,666 plants/ha

   b) 5,00,000 plants/ha#

   c) 3,33,000 plants/ha

   d) 4,00,000 plants/ha

4. What is the plant population per hectare recommended for maize hybrids?

   a) 83,333 plants/ha

   b) 47,620 plants/ha#

   c) 55,000 plants/ha

   d) 60,000 plants/ha

5. Which factor is NOT considered a genetic factor affecting plant population?

   a) Size of the plant

   b) Elasticity of the plant

   c) Soil cover area

   d) Fertilizer application#

6. In the context of plant geometry, what does 'Single Plant Area' refer to?

   a) The total area covered by all plants in a field

   b) The area needed for a single plant to grow effectively

   c) The area occupied by a single plant, e.g., Rice - 20 cm x 15 cm#

   d) The area designated for planting a single seed

7. What is the plant population per hectare for medium varieties of cotton?

   a) 18,518 plants/ha

   b) 44,444 plants/ha#

   c) 55,555 plants/ha

   d) 60,000 plants/ha

8. Which method of sowing results in random plant geometry?

   a) Transplanting

   b) Line sowing

   c) Broadcasting#

   d) Drill sowing

9. What is the seed rate for rice when using the transplanting method?

   a) 100 kg/ha

   b) 60 kg/ha

   c) 40 kg/ha#

   d) 80 kg/ha

10. Which of the following is an advantage of the square plant geometry?

   a) Allows for more efficient use of space in dense plantings

   b) Provides uniform light and facilitates mechanization#

   c) Reduces the need for irrigation

   d) Enhances soil fertility over time

Notes on Key ICAR - National Agricultural Research Institutes in India

Notes on Key ICAR - National Agricultural Research Institutes in India: With establishment year, key facts figures and achievement

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1. ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
2. ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal
3. ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar
4. ICAR-Central Institute on Fisheries Education, Mumbai
5. ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair
6. ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur
7. ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar
8. ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore
9. ICAR-Central Institute Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai
10. ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hissar
11. ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom
12. ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
13. ICAR-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner
14. ICAR-Central Institute of Cotton Research, Nagpur
15. ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin
16. ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar
17. ICAR-Central Institute of Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai
18. ICAR-Central Institute of Sub Tropical Horticulture, Lucknow
19. ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar
20. ICAR-Central Institute on Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana
21. ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi
22. ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod
23. ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla
24. ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore
25. ICAR-Central Research Institute of Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad
26. ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack
27. ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan
28. ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun
29. ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal
30. ICAR-Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry
31. ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram
32. ICAR-ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region

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1. ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi: Established in 1905 as Agricultural Research Institute (ARI) in Pusa, Bihar, it was renamed as Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in 1947. It is the country’s premier national Institute for agricultural research, education and extension. It has been awarded the Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award in 2010 1 .
2. ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal: Established in 1923 as Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory at Bangalore, it was later shifted to Mukteswar in 1893. Subsequently, for large-scale production of serum and vaccines, Izatnagar, Bareilly (UP) campus was established in 1913. It was renamed as National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) in 1955 and was accorded the status of Deemed-to-be-University in 1989 2 .
3. ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar: Established in 1889 as Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory at Pune, it was later shifted to Mukteswar in 1893. It was renamed as Indian Veterinary Research Institute in 1947 and was accorded the status of Deemed-to-be-University in 1983 3 4 .
4. ICAR-Central Institute on Fisheries Education, Mumbai: Established in 1961 with the assistance of UNDP, it was initially under the administrative control of Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India and subsequently transferred to ICAR in 1979. It was accorded the status of Deemed-to-be-University in 1989 5 .
5. ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair: Established in 1978 by merging the regional stations of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) and Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) 6 .
6. ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur: Established in 1952 as Desert Afforestation Research Station, it was renamed as Central Arid Zone Research Institute in 1959. It is a premier national Institute engaged in research on dryland agriculture and desertification control 7 .
7. ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar: Established in 1979, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on poultry breeding, nutrition, health and management 3 .
8. ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore: Established in 1947, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on inland fisheries and aquaculture 3 .
9. ICAR-Central Institute Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai: Established in 1987, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on brackishwater aquaculture 3 .
10. ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hissar: Established in 1985, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on buffalo breeding, nutrition, health and management 3 .
11. ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom: Established in 1979, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on goat breeding, nutrition, health and management 3 .
12. ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal: Established in 1976, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on agricultural engineering and technology 3 .
13. ICAR-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner: Established in 1979, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on horticulture in arid regions 3 .
14. ICAR-Central Institute of Cotton Research, Nagpur: Established in 1976, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on cotton breeding, genetics, biotechnology, crop management and protection 3 .
15. ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin: Established in 1957, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on marine fisheries and seafood processing 3 .
16. ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar: Established in 1987, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on freshwater aquaculture 3 .
17. ICAR-Central Institute of Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai: Established in 1924, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on cotton technology 3 .
18. ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair: Established in 1978 by merging the regional stations of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) and Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) 1 .
19. ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur: Established in 1952 as Desert Afforestation Research Station, it was renamed as Central Arid Zone Research Institute in 1959. It is a premier national Institute engaged in research on dryland agriculture and desertification control 2 .
20. ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore: Established in 1947, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on inland fisheries and aquaculture 3 .
21. ICAR-Central Institute Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai: Established in 1987, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on brackishwater aquaculture 3 .
22. ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hissar: Established in 1985, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on buffalo breeding, nutrition, health and management 3 .
23. ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom: Established in 1979, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on goat breeding, nutrition, health and management 3 .
24. ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal: Established in 1976, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on agricultural engineering and technology 3 .
25. ICAR-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner: Established in 1979, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on horticulture in arid regions 3 .
26. ICAR-Central Institute of Cotton Research, Nagpur: Established in 1976, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on cotton breeding, genetics, biotechnology, crop management and protection 3 .
27. ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin: Established in 1957, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on marine fisheries and seafood processing 3 .
28. ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar: Established in 1987, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on freshwater aquaculture 3 .
29. ICAR-Central Institute of Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai: Established in 1924, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on cotton technology 3 .
30. ICAR-Central Institute of Sub Tropical Horticulture, Lucknow: Established in 1976, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on sub-tropical horticulture 3 .
31. ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar: Established in 1979, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on temperate horticulture 3 .
32. ICAR-Central Institute on Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana: Established in 1989, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on post-harvest engineering and technology 3 .
33. ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi: Established in 1947, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on marine fisheries and seafood processing 3 .
34. ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod: Established in 1916, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on plantation crops such as coconut, arecanut, cocoa, cashew, oil palm, spices, etc. 3 .
35. ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla: Established in 1949, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on potato breeding, genetics, biotechnology, crop management and protection 3 .
36. ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore: Established in 1947, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on jute and allied fibers 3 .
37. ICAR-Central Research Institute of Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad: Established in 1985, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on dryland agriculture 3 .
38. ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack: Established in 1946, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on rice breeding, genetics, biotechnology, crop management and protection 3 .
39. ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar: Established in 1988, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on sheep and wool production 1 .
40. ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun: Established in 1954, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on soil and water conservation 1 .
41. ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal: Established in 1969, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on soil salinity and water management 1 .
42. ICAR-Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry: Established in 1947, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on tobacco breeding, genetics, biotechnology, crop management and protection 1 .
43. ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram: Established in 1963, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on tuber crops such as cassava, sweet potato, yam, etc. 1 .
44. ICAR-ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region: Established in 1975, it is a premier national Institute engaged in research on agriculture and allied sectors in the eastern region of India 1

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Notes on Global Water Resources:

Source: Agronomy facts for Competitions by RS Meena

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Global Water Resources:

• Earth's surface is 3/4 covered by oceans.
• Total water on Earth: 1400 million km3 (enough to cover Earth with a 3 km deep layer).
• Only 2.7% of Earth's water is fresh:
• 68.7% frozen in polar regions
• 30.1% groundwater
• Rest in lakes, rivers, atmosphere
• Only 1% of water is usable by humans.
• Global water withdrawal: 4500 km3 (availability: 4200 km3).
• Expected withdrawal by 2030: 6900 km3 (availability: 4100 km3).
• Expected global water deficit by 2030: 40%.
• Expected withdrawal in India by 2030: 1500 km3 (availability: 744 km3).
• Expected water deficit in India by 2030: 50%.

Irrigation World: Key Facts and Figures

Global Land Use:

• 11% (1.5 billion ha) of the global land surface is used for crops.
• Asia has 32% of the world's arable land, followed by North Central America (20%) and Africa (12%).
• 20% of global arable land is irrigated (324 million ha in 2012).
• Rainfed agriculture is practiced on the remaining 80% of arable land.

Largest Irrigated Areas:

• China has the highest total irrigated area (69.4 million ha).
• India follows closely behind with 68.4 million ha of irrigated land.

Water Use:

• Developing nations use over 90% of withdrawn water for irrigation.
• India, China, and Egypt use the most water for irrigation globally.
• Per capita water use: USA > France > Egypt > India

India's Water Resources:

• Total area: 328.762 million ha (2.45% of global land).
• Total precipitation: 3838 km3 (390-400 BCM).
• Available water: 2301 km3 (60%).
• Utilisable surface water: 690 km3 (37% of surface water resources).
• Utilisable groundwater potential: 432 km3.

Groundwater Resources:

• Annual groundwater recharge: 432 km3 (8.56% of total rainfall).
• Available groundwater resources for irrigation: 361 km3.
• Net utilizable groundwater resources for irrigation: 325 km3 (90%).
• Stage of Ground Water Development: 61.00%.

Groundwater Use:

• 89% of extracted groundwater is used for irrigation.
• 9% for domestic use.
• 2% for industrial use.
• 50% of urban and 85% of rural domestic water needs are met by groundwater.

Additional Notes:

• 1 km3 = 1 billion cubic meters = 1 BCM = 0.1 million ha meters.
• Groundwater is the highest category user of water in India.

Water Budget of India: Key Facts and Figures

Precipitation:

• Average annual precipitation: 1194 mm (119.4 cm)
• Total precipitation: 400 Mha m (392.5 Mha m)
• Monsoon season: 300 Mha m (75%)
• Rest of the year: 100 Mha m (25%)

Water Flow:

• Total rainfall input = Surface water flow + Groundwater recharge + Evapotranspiration
• Surface water flow: 180 Mha m (including 20 Mha m from outside India and 45 Mha m from regenerated groundwater)
• Groundwater recharge: 50 Mha m (from rainfall: 105 Mha m, snowfall: 10 Mha m)
• Evapotranspiration: 165 Mha m (soil moisture: 77%, groundwater: 23%)

Irrigation:

• Net irrigated area: 68.4 million hectares (34% of net sown area, 30% of cultivable area)
• Gross irrigated area: 96.46 million hectares
• Maximum per cent irrigated area: Punjab
• Irrigation sources:
• Canals: 16.18 M ha (23.6%)
• Tanks: 1.72 M ha (2.5%)
• Other wells: 11.35 M ha (16.6%)
• Tube wells: 31.61 M ha (46.2%)
• Other sources: 7.52 M ha (11.0%)
• Groundwater usage: 60% of net irrigated area
• Largest groundwater well-equipped irrigation system in the world (39 million hectares)
• States with 70% or more irrigation potential: Tamil Nadu (100%), Punjab (84%), Rajasthan (74%)

Well irrigation:

• Used in alluvial plains of UP, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu

Canal irrigation:

• Second most important source after wells and tube wells
• Used in lands with large plains, fertile soil, and perennial rivers
• Common in North India and low coastal lands, parts of Peninsular India
• States using canal irrigation: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, West Bengal, Punjab, Rajasthan, Bihar, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh

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