Popular NCERT-based Biology books specifically tailored for the CUET UG Exam

Popular NCERT-based Biology books specifically tailored for the CUET UG Exam:

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1.Chapterwise Topicwise Solved Papers Biology for CUET UG 2023-2024 (Disha Experts)

• Solutions to past CUET and NEET papers
• Good for understanding question patterns and difficulty level
• May not be the best for first-time concept building
• Approximate Price: ₹350 - ₹450

2.CUET (UG) Biology Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank (2023-2024) with Complete NCERT Crux, CUET PYQs (2022-2023) (PW)

• NCERT-focused MCQs
• Includes short notes summarizing key concepts (NCERT Crux)
• Detailed solutions and analysis of previous papers
• Approximate Price: ₹400 - ₹500

3. NCERT Biology Booster: CUET (UG) 2024 (Arihant)

• Specifically designed for CUET exam pattern
• Chapter-wise MCQs with solutions
• Good mix of different question types
• Approximate Price: ₹300 - ₹400

4. Objective NCERT at Your Fingertips for NEET-AIIMS - Biology (MTG)

• Comprehensive coverage of NCERT concepts
• Lots of MCQs for practice
• Includes assertion-reason type questions
• Approximate Price: ₹400 - ₹550

5. Trueman's Elementary Biology for Class 11 & Class 12

• Great for building a strong conceptual foundation
• Explanations are clear and detailed
• Limited number of MCQs compared to other options
• Approximate Price: ₹700 - ₹900 (for both volumes)

Top 5 Books of NCERT Based Biology for CUET UG Exam

List the Top 5 Books of NCERT Based Biology for CUET UG Exam 2024:

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Top 5 NCERT-Based Biology Books

1. NCERT Biology Textbook for Class XI and XII

• These are the absolute foundation! The CUET exam primarily focuses on the concepts within these textbooks.

1. Trueman's Elementary Biology Vol I & II

• Excellent for in-depth explanations, and going beyond the NCERT textbooks for a deeper understanding of the topics.

1. Objective Biology by Dinesh

• Provides numerous practice questions (MCQs) in the CUET exam format. Great for honing your test-taking skills.

1. Pradeep's A Text Book of Biology for Class XII

• Offers clear explanations of complex concepts, with useful diagrams and illustrations.

1. NCERT Exemplar for Biology

• Contains a variety of challenging questions to test your grasp of the concepts along with detailed solutions.

Tips for Ordering Online

• Popular E-commerce Websites: Check Flipkart, Amazon, or book-specific stores like Bookchor.
• Compare Prices: Before ordering, compare prices across different platforms to get the best deal.
• Reviews: Read reviews from other students to get insights into the quality and usefulness of the books.
• Delivery Time: Factor in the delivery time when choosing your seller, especially if you have limited preparation time.

Important Note: While these resources are incredibly helpful, don't neglect to solve past CUET papers and take mock tests for comprehensive exam preparation.

Top 10 Books of NCERT-based Biology for your NEET UG and CUET UG Exam

List of 10 excellent NCERT-based Biology books for your NEET UG and CUET UG Exam preparation:

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The Essential Core:

1. NCERT Biology Class XI Textbook: The absolute foundation for your preparation.
2. NCERT Biology Class XII Textbook: Builds on the concepts from Class XI and delves deeper into complex biological processes.

Excellent Practice and Concept Reinforcement:

1. Objective Biology (Volumes 1 & 2) by Dinesh: Offers extensive MCQ practice and thorough explanations.
2. Trueman's Objective Biology for NEET - Vol. I & II: Highly regarded for its alignment with the NEET/CUET syllabus and diverse practice questions.
3. NCERT Biology Booster by Pearson: Features chapter-wise summaries and plenty of MCQs tailored for efficient revision.
4. Pradeep's A Text Book of Biology Class 11 and Class 12: A solid resource for in-depth concept understanding, complete with practice questions.

Additional Helpful Resources:

1. MTG Objective NCERT at your Fingertips - Biology: Provides concise summaries of NCERT concepts and a plethora of practice questions.
2. NCERT Exemplar Problems-Solutions Biology (Class 11 & 12): Exemplar problems offer higher difficulty questions to challenge your understanding.
3. GRB Bathla Objective Biology (Volumes 1 & 2): Another comprehensive MCQ bank for refining question-solving skills.
4. Objective NCERT Xtract Biology for NEET (6th Edition): Contains chapter-wise past year questions and NCERT-based questions for focused practice.

Remember:

• Focus on NCERT textbooks first.
• Solve MCQs regularly for practice
• Pay attention to diagrams in the NCERT books.
• Take mock tests to evaluate your progress.

Important Tips:

• NCERT is King: Make the NCERT textbooks your primary study materials. A deep understanding of these is paramount for success.
• Consistent Practice: Solve MCQs regularly from the supplemental books to master applying your knowledge.
• Focus on Diagrams: Diagrams and labeling in NCERT textbooks are crucial – pay close attention to them.
• Mock Tests: Take regular mock tests modeled after the CUET pattern to analyze your preparation and identify areas needing improvement.
• Please note: Always check the latest CUET UG syllabus to ensure you are using the most up-to-date resources.

Previous Questions & Answer of CUET (UG) Exam 2023 - 304_BIOLOGY

Previous Questions & Answer of CUET (UG) Exam 2023 - 304_BIOLOGY_English

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1. Parthenogenesis does not occur in:
1. (1) Rotifers
2. (2) Honeybees
3. (3) Lizards
4. (4) Mammals#
2. Out of the following, which one is not a hermaphrodite?
1. (1) Sponge
2. (2) Earthworm
3. (3) Leech
4. (4) Cockroach#
3. Match List - I with List - II:

List -1 List - II

(A) Polyembryony (I) Apple

(B) Parthenocarpy (II) Female gametophyte

(C) False Fruit (III) Orange

(D) Embryo Sac (IV) Banana

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. (1) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
2. (2) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
3. (3) (A)-(I), (B)-(IV), (C)-(III), (D)-(II)
4. (4) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)#

1. Arrange the following stages of development of a dicot embryo in the order of their occurrence:

(A) Formation of heart-shaped embryo

(B) Formation of typical dicot embryo

(C) Formation of zygote

(D) Formation of globular embryo

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. (1) (A), (B), (C), (D)
2. (2) (C), (D), (A), (B)#
3. (3) (C), (A), (B), (D)
4. (4) (D), (A), (B), (C)

1. Select the hormone which is not secreted by the human placenta:
1. (1) Estrogen
2. (2) Progestogen
3. (3) Human chorionic gonadotropin
4. (4) Luteinising hormone#
2. Select the correct statements regarding the menstrual cycle in human females:

(A) The first menstruation begins at puberty and is called menopause.

(B) Ovulation takes place in the middle of the cycle (about 14th day), when the level of progesterone is at its maximum level.

(C) In absence of fertilisation, the corpus luteum degenerates, which causes the disintegration of the endometrium leading to menstruation.

(D) In human beings, the menstrual cycle ceases around 50 years of age.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. (1) (A) and (B) only
2. (2) (B) and (D) only#
3. (3) (A) and (C) only
4. (4) (C) and (D) only

1. Identify the terminal method used to prevent pregnancy:
1. (1) Lactational amenorrhea
2. (2) Sterilisation#
3. (3) Intrauterine Device
4. (4) Periodic abstinence
2. Match List - I with List - II:

List -1 List - II

(A) Lippes loop (I) Barrier

(B) Vaults (II) Hormone releasing device

(C) Periodic abstinence (III) Non-medicated IUDs

(D) Progestasert (IV) Natural method

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. (1) (A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
2. (2) (A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
3. (3) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
4. (4) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)#

1. Arrange the following steps of experiments performed by Griffith in the correct series:

(A) 'S' strain injected into mice. Mice died.

(B) 'S' strain (Heat killed) injected into mice. Mice lived.

(C) 'R' strain injected into mice. Mice lived.

(D) 'S' strain (Heat killed) + 'R' Strain (Live) injected into mice. Mice died.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. (1) (A), (B), (C), (D)
2. (2) (B), (A), (C), (D)
3. (3) (B), (C), (D), (A)#
4. (4) (A), (C), (B), (D)

1. Which of the following is not a Mendelian Disorder?
1. (1) Haemophilia
2. (2) Sickle-cell anaemia
3. (3) Down's Syndrome#
4. (4) Phenylketonuria

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Previous year questions of ICAR UG & NEET Exam asked from the Biology topic ‘Origin of Life and Evolution’

Previous year questions of ICAR UG & NEET Exam asked from the Biology topic ‘Origin of Life and Evolution’

1. Thorns of Bougainvillaea and tendril of Passiflora are (ICAR UG 2022)

   1. Analogous organs 

   2. Homologous organs

   3. Vestigial organs

   4. Endemic organs 

Correct answer is b. Homologous organs.

For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 

2. The eye of an octopus and the eye of a dog show different structural patterns, yet they perform similar functions. This is an example of (ICAR UG 2021)

   1. Analogous organs that have evolved due to divergent evolution 

   2. Homologous organs that have evolved due to convergent evolution 

   3. Homologous organs that have evolved due to adaptive radiation 

   4. Analogous organs that have evolved due to convergent evolution 

Correct answer is d. Analogous organs that have evolved due to convergent evolution

For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 

3. In 1953, S.L. Miller in his experiment, created electric discharge in closed flask containing CH₂, H₂, NH3 and water vapour at  (ICAR UG 2020)

   1. 750 °C 

   2. 800 °C  

   3. 850 °C

   4. 700 °C

Correct answer is b. 800 °C  

For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 

4. Which of the following was NOT present in the experimental flask of Stanley Miller? (ICAR UG 2019)

   1. Methane

   2. Ammonia

   3. Amino acids

   4. Nucleotides

Correct answer is d. Nucleotides.

For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 

5. Which of the following cannot be attributed to Darwin? (ICAR UG 2018)

   1. Description of finches on Galapagos islands

   2. Heritability of variations

   3. Speciation due to mutations

   4. More offsprings from Individuals adapted to their environment

Correct answer is c. Speciation due to mutations.

For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 

 

ICAR UG & NEET UG EXAM NOTES ON BIOLOGY TOPIC ‘Origin of Life and Evolution’’

For Online Classes, Tests, Notes Visit www.agricoachingonline.com

Thank you for reading ! If you have liked the notes, kindly share and comment and tell your friends about this.

 

ICAR UG & NEET UG EXAM NOTES ON BIOLOGY TOPIC ‘Origin of Life and Evolution’

ICAR UG & NEET UG EXAM NOTES ON

BIOLOGY TOPIC ‘Origin of Life and Evolution’

This exam facts are from famous book: Biology Class 11th Book by N C E R T

• Evolution deals with the origin of life.

• The universe is 20 billion years old (very old). 

• Huge clusters of galaxies comprise the universe. 

• Galaxies contain stars and clouds of gas and dust. 

• Big Bang theory attempts to explain the origin of the universe.  (ICAR UG 2012)

• Earth was formed about 4.5 billion years back. 

• There was no atmosphere on early earth. 

• Water vapour, methane, carbon dioxide and ammonia released from molten mass covered the surface. 

• For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 

• Early Greek thinkers thought the units of life is called spores (‘Panspermia’).

• According to theory of spontaneous generation, life came out of decaying and rotting matter (straw, mud). 

• Louis Pasteur demonstrated that life comes only from pre existing life. 

• Biogenesis theory did not answer how the first life form came on earth. 

• Oparin of Russia and Haldane of England gave Chemical evolution . (ICAR UG 2020)

• For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 

• In 1953, S.L. Miller (an American scientist) created similar conditions as on on earlier earth in a laboratory scale. 

• S.L. Miller created an electric discharge in a closed flask containing CH₄ , H₂ , NH₃ and H₂O (water vapour) at 800^oC. He observed formation of amino acids. (ICAR UG 2020) (ICAR UG 2019) (ICAR UG 2017)

• First cellular form of life was originated 2000 million years ago and were probably single-cells. 

• Charles Darwin did a sea voyage (tour) in a sail ship called H.M.S. Beagle round the world.

• Charles Darwin concluded that existing living forms share similarities to varying degrees not only among themselves but also with life forms that existed millions of years ago. 

• For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 

• According to Darwin, fitness refers ultimately and only to reproductive fitness. 

• Alfred Wallace was a naturalist who worked in Malay Archipelago

• Analogous organs have evolved due to convergent evolution. (ICAR UG 2021)

• Whales, bats, cheetahs and humans (all mammals) share similarities in the pattern of bones of forelimbs . (ICAR UG 2019)

• In plants, the thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita represent homology. (ICAR 2022) 

• Wings of butterflies and birds look alike and represent analogy.

• Eye of the octopus and of mammals are Examples of analogy. (ICAR 2021)

• Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins are Examples of analogy.  

• Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem modification) is example for analogy.

• Before industrialisation set in, there were more white-winged moths on trees than dark-winged ( melanised moths). 

• After industrialisation (in 1920), there were more dark-winged moths in the same area and proportion was reversed. 

• For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 

• Camouflage : white winged moth and dark - winged moth (melanised) on a tree trunk 

• Small black birds (called Darwin’s Finches) amazed Darwin. 

• Darwin’s finches/birds represent one of the best examples of Adaptive radiation.  (ICAR UG 2016)

• Placental mammals in Australia also exhibit adaptive radiation .

• Lamarck gave concepts of Acquired Character.

• Hugo deVries worked on evening primrose.

• Hugo deVries brought forth the idea of mutations.

• Hugo deVries believed mutation caused speciation.(ICAR UG 2018)

• Speciation causing mutation is called saltation (single step large mutation). 

• Hardy and Weinberg Principle : “Allele frequencies in a population are stable and are constant from generation to generation.“ 

• Hardy-Weinberg principle is expressed using algebraic equations. p²+2pq+q²=1

• For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 

• Genetic drift occurs if the gene frequency change occurs by chance. (ICAR UG 2017)

• 2000 million years ago (mya) the first cellular forms of life appeared on earth. 

• Coelacanth were ancestors of modern day frogs and salamanders. 

• Turtles, tortoises and crocodiles are modern day descendents of reptiles. 

• 15 mya - primates called Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus were existing. 

• Ramapithecus was more man-like. 

• Dryopithecus was more ape-like. 

• Homo habilis are first human-like being the hominid.

• Fossils of Homo erectus discovered in Java in 1891 

• Brain size of Homo erectus is 1400cc. 

Previous year questions asked from the Biology topic ‘Origin of Life and Evolution’

For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 

For Online Classes, Tests, Notes Visit www. agricoachingonline.com

Thank you for reading ! If you have liked the notes, kindly share and comment and tell your friends about this.

Previous year questions of ICAR UG & NEET Exam asked from the Biology topic ‘The Living World’

1. The title of book written by Carolus Linnaeus on systematics was (ICAR UG 2019)

   1. Systems of Nature

   2. Systematica Naturae

   3. Systema Naturae

   4. The Natural System

Correct answer is c. Systema Naturae.

For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 

 

2. The principles and criteria for scientific naming of plants are provided by (ICAR UG 2019)

   1. IUCN

   2. UN

   3. ICBN

   4. ICZN

Correct answer is c. ICBN .

For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 

 

3. Which is not a feature of all living organisms (ICAR UG 2016)

   1. Metabolism

   2. Cellular organization

   3. Self-consciousness

   4. Consciousness

Correct answer is c. Self-consciousness.

For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 

 

4. Nomenclature is governed by certain universal rules. Which one of the following is contrary to the rules of nomenclature? (NEET 2016)

   1. The first word in a biological name represents the genus name and the second is a specific epithet 

   2. The names are written in Latin and are Italicised 

   3. When written by hand, the names are to be underlined 

   4. Biological names can be written in any language 

Correct answer is d. Biological names can be written in any language .

 

5. 'System Nature' is a book written by (ICAR UG 2012)

   1. Benthem and Hooker

   2. John Ray

   3. Linnaeus

   4. Lamarck

Correct answer is c. Linnaeus.

 

ICAR UG & NEET UG EXAM NOTES ON BIOLOGY TOPIC ‘The Living World’ (Click here)

For Online Classes, Tests, Notes Visit www.agricoachingonline.com

Thank you for reading ! If you have liked the notes, kindly share and comment and tell your friends about this.

 

ICAR AIEEA UG & NEET UG EXAM NOTES ON BIOLOGY TOPIC ‘The Living World’

This exam facts are from famous book: Biology Class 11th Book by N C E R T

• Growth is characterized by Increase in mass and increase in number of individuals. 

• Fungi multiply and spread due to the millions of asexual spores.
• Yeast and hydra multiply by budding. 
• Planaria (flatworms) multiply by true regeneration
• For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 
• True regeneration is a multiplication in which a fragmented organism regenerates the lost part of its body and becomes a new organism. (ICAR UG 2022)
• Fungi, the filamentous algae, the protonema of mosses multiply by fragmentation. 

• Metabolism is the sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in body. 
• No non-living object exhibits metabolism. 
• Metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms without exception.(ICAR UG 2017)
• Human beings are the only organism with self-consciousness / self awareness.(ICAR UG 2017)
• Consciousness becomes the defining property of living organisms. (ICAR UG 2017)
• The number of species known are 1.7-1.8 million. 
• For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 
• For plants, scientific names are provided in International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). (ICAR UG 2019)
• For animal, scientific names are provided in International Code of Zoological Nomenclature(ICZN). 
• Universally accepted principles of scientific name is ‘Binomial nomenclature’ in which each name has 2 components, ‘Generic name’, ‘Specific epithet’.
• Binomial naming system is given by Carolus Linnaeus.
• Linnaeus used ‘Systema Naturae’ as the title of his publication. (ICAR UG 2019)
• Scientific name of mango is written as Mangifera indica. 
• For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 
• Universal rules of nomenclature: 

(1) Biological names are generally in Latin and written in italics. Biological names are Latinised or derived from Latin irrespective of their origin. 

(2) The first word in a biological name represents the genus while the second component denotes the specific epithet.

(3) Both the words in a biological name, when handwritten, are separately underlined, or printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin. 

(4) The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter while the specific epithet starts with a small letter. 

Previous year questions asked from the Biology topic ‘The Living World’ (Click here)

For free such exam facts and notes, visit www. agrimly.in 

For Online Classes, Tests, Notes Visit www. agricoachingonline.com

Thank you for reading ! If you have liked the notes, kindly share and comment and tell your friends about this.

ICAR AIEEA UG EXAM Analysis of Prev. Year Questions |BIOLOGY | Agrimly | By: R.S. Maitry

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SYLLABUS FOR ICAR AIEEA UG EXAM (BIOLOGY) 

Unit : 1 The Living World 

• Nature and scope of Biology.
• Methods of Biology.
• Our place in the universe.
• Laws that govern the universe and life.
• Level of organization.
• Cause and effect relationship.
• Being alive.
• What does it mean? Present approaches to understand life processes, molecular approach; life as an expression of energy; steady state and homeostasis; self duplication and survival; adaptation; death as a positive part of life.
• Origin of life and its maintenance.
• Origin and diversity of life.
• Physical and chemical principles that maintain life processes.
• The living crust and interdependence.
• The positive and negative aspects of progress in biological sciences.
• The future of the living world, identification of human responsibility in shaping our future.

 

Unit : 2 Unit of Life

• Cell as a unit of life.
• Small biomolecules; water, minerals, mono and oligosaccharides, lipids, amino acids, nucleotides and their chemistry, cellular location and function.
• Macromolecules in cells - their chemistry, cellular location and functional significance.
• Polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids.
• Enzymes; chemical nature, classification, mechanism in action-enzyme complex, allosteric modulation (brief), irreversible activation.
• Biomembranes; Fluid mosaic model of membrane, role in transport, recognition of external information (brief).
• Structural organization of the cell; light and electron microscopic views of cell, its organelles and their functions; nucleus mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum.
• Golgi complex, lysosomes, microtubules, cell wall, cilia and flagella, vacuoles, cell inclusions.
• A general account of cellular respiration.
• Fermentation, biological oxidation (A cycle outline), mitochondrial electron transport chain, high energy bonds and oxidative phosphorylation, cell reproduction; Process of mitosis and meiosis.

 

Unit : 3 Diversity of Life 

• Introduction.
• The enormous variety of living things, the need for classification to cope with this variety; taxonomy and phylogeny; shortcomings of a two kingdom classification as plants and animals; the five kingdom classification, Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia; the basic features of five kingdom classification. modes of obtaining nutrition-autotrophs and heterotrophs.
• Life style producers, consumers and decomposers.
• Unicellularity and multicellularity, phylogenetic relationships.
• Concepts of species, taxon and categories - hierarchical levels of classification; binomial nomenclature; principles of classification and nomenclature; identification and nature of viruses and bacteriophages; kingdom Monera-archeabacteria - life in extreme environments; Bacteria, Actinomycetes, Cyanobacteria.
• Examples & illustration of autotrophic and heterotrophic life; mineralizes-nitrogen fixers; Monera in cycling matter; symbiotic forms; disease producers.
• Kingdom Protista-Eukaryotic unicellular organisms, development of flagella and cilia; beginning of mitosis; syngamy and sex.
• Various life styles shown in the major phyla.
• Evolutionary precursors of complex life forms.
• Diatoms, dinoflagellates, slime moulds, protozons; symbiotic forms.
• Plant kingdom-complex autotrophs, red brown and green algae; conquest of land, bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
• Vascularization; development of flower, fruit and seed.
• Kingdom fungi-lower fungi (Zygomycetes), higher fungi (Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes); the importance of fungi.
• Decomposers; parasitic forms; lichens and mycorrhizae.
• Animal kingdom-animal body pattern and symmetry.
• The development of body cavity in invertebrate vertebrate physia.
• Salient features with reference to habitat and example of phylum porifera, coelenterata, helminthis, annelids, mollusca, arthropoda, echinoderms; chordata - (classes-fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) highlighting major characters.

 

Unit : 4 Organisms and Environment 

• Species: Origin and concept of species population, interaction between environment and population community.
• Biotic community, interaction between different species, biotic stability.
• Changes in the community.
• Succession.
• Ecosystem; interaction between biotic and abiotic components; major ecosystems, manmade ecosystem- Agro ecosystem.
• Biosphere; flow of energy, trapping of solar energy, energy pathway, food chain, food web, biogeochemical cycles, calcium and sulphur, ecological imbalance and its consequences.
• Conservation of natural resources; renewable and non-renewable (in brief).
• Water and land management, wasteland development.
• Wild life and forest conservation; causes for the extinction of some wild life, steps taken to conserve the remaining species, concept of endangered species-Indian examples, conservation of forests; Indian forests, importance of forests, hazards of deforestation, concept of afforestation.
• Environmental pollution; air and water pollution, sources, major pollutants of big cities of our country, their effects and methods of control, pollution due to nuclear fallout and waste disposal, effect and control, noise pollution; sources and effects.

 

Unit : 5 Multicellularity : Structure and Function - Plant Life 

• Form and function.
• Tissue system in flowering plants; meristematic and permanent.
• Mineral nutrition-essential elements, major functions of different elements, passive and active uptake of minerals.
• Modes of nutrition, transport of solutes and water in plants.
• Photosynthesis; photochemical and biosynthetic phases, diversity in photosynthetic pathways, photosynthetic electron transport and photophosphorylation, photorespiration.
• Transpiration and exchange of gases.
• Stomatal mechanism.
• Osmoregulation in plants: water relations in plant cells, water potential.
• Reproduction and development in Angiosperms; asexual and sexual reproduction.
• Structure and functions of flower: development of male and female gametophytes in angiosperms, pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm, embryo seed and fruit.
• Differentiation and organ formation.
• Plant hormones and growth regulation; action of plant hormones in relation to seed dormancy and germination, apical dominance, senescence and abscission.
• Applications of synthetic growth regulators.
• A brief account of growth and movement in plants.

 

Unit : 6 Multicellularity : Structure and Function - Animal Life 

• Animal tissues, epithelial, connective, muscular, nerve.
• Animal nutrition, organs of digestion and digestive process, nutritional requirements for carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins; nutritional imbalances and deficiency diseases.
• Gas exchange and transport: Pulmonary gas exchange and organs involved, transport of gases in blood, gas exchange in aqueous media circulation: closed and open vascular systems, structure and pumping action of heart, arterial blood pressure, lymph.
• Excretion and osomoregulation.
• Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, urecotelism, excretion of water and urea with special reference to man.
• Role of kidney in regulation of plasma, osmolarity on the basis of nephron structure, skin and lungs in excretion.
• Hormonal coordination; hormones of mammals, role of hormones as messengers and regulators.
• Nervous coordination, central autonomic and peripheral nervous systems, receptors, effectors, reflex action, basic physiology of special senses, integrative control by neuroendocrinal systems.
• Locomotion: joints, muscle movements, types of skeletal muscles according to types of movement, basic aspects of human skeleton.
• Reproduction; human reproduction, female reproductive cycles.
• Embryonic development in mammals (upto three germs layers), growth, repair and ageing.

 

Unit : 7 Continuity of Life 

• Heredity and variation: Introduction, Mendel’s experiments with peas and concepts of factors.
• Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
• Genes: Packaging of heredity material in prokaryotes-bacterial chromosome and plasmid; and eukaryote chromosomes.
• Extranuclear genes, viral genes.
• Linkage (genetic) maps.
• Sex determination and sex linkage.
• Genetic material and its replication, gene manipulation.
• Gene expression; genetic code, transcription, translation, gene regulation.
• Molecular basis of differentiation.

 

Unit : 8 Origin and Evolution of Life 

• Origin of life: living and non-living, chemical evolution, organic evolution; Oparin ideas, Miller-Urey experiments.
• Interrelationship among living organisms and evidences of evolution: fossil records including geological scale, Morphological evidence - hematology, vestigeal organs, embryological similarities and biogeographical evidence.
• Darwin’s two major contributions.
• Common origin of living organisms and recombination as source of variability, selection and variation, adaptation (Lederberg’s replica plating experiment for indirect selection of bacterial mutants), reproductive isolation, speciation.
• Role of selection, change and drift in determining composition of population.
• Selected examples: industrial melanism; drug resistance, mimicry, malaria in relation to G-6-PD deficiency and sickle cell disease.
• Human evolution: Palcontological evidence, man’s place among mammals.
• Brief idea of Dryopithecus, Australopithecus, Homo erectus, H.
• neanderthlensis, Cro-Magnon man and Homo sapiens.
• Human chromosomes, similarity in different racial groups.
• Comparison with chromosomes of nonhuman primates to indicate common origin; Cultural vs. biological evolution.
• Mutation: origin and types of mutation, their role in speciation.

 

Unit : 9 Application of Biology 

• Introduction, role of biology, in the amelioration of human problems.
• Domestication of plant- a historical account, improvement of crop plants; Principles of plant breeding and plant introduction.
• Use of fertilizers, their economic and ecological aspects.
• Use of pesticides: advantages and hazards.
• Biological methods of pest control.
• Crops today.
• Current concerns, gene pools and genetic conservation.
• Underutilized crops with potential uses of oilseeds, medicines, beverages, spices, fodder, New crops-Leucaena (Subabul), Jojoba, Guayule, winged bean, etc.
• Biofertilizers - green manure, crop residues and nitrogen fixation (symbiotic, non symbiotic).
• Applications of tissue culture and genetic engineering in crops.
• Domestication and introduction of animals.
• Livestock, poultry, fisheries (fresh water, marine, aquaculture).
• Improvement of animals: principles of animal breeding.
• Major animal diseases and their control.
• Insects and their products (silk, honey, wax and lac).
• Bioenergy-biomass, wood (combustion; gasification, ethanol).
• Cow dung cakes, gobar gas, plants as sources of hydrocarbons for producing petroleum, ethanol from starch and lignocellulose.
• Biotechnology, application in health and agriculture, genetically modified (GM) organisms, bio-safety issues.
• A brief historical account-manufacture of cheese.
• yoghurt, alcohol, yeast, vitamins, organic acids, antibiotics, steroids, dextrins.
• Scaling up laboratory findings to Industrial production, sewage treatment.
• Production of insulin, human growth hormones, interferon.
• Communicable diseases including STD and diseases spread through ‘blood transfusion (hepatitis, AIDS, etc) Immune response, vaccine and antisera.
• Allergies and Inflammation.
• Inherited diseases and dysfunctions, sex-linked diseases, genetic incompatibilities, and genetic counseling.
• Cancer-major types, causes, diagnosis and treatment.
• Tissue and organ transplantation.
• Community health services and measures; blood banks; mental health, smoking, alcoholism and drug addiction-physiological symptoms and control measures.
• Industrial wastes, toxicology, pollution-related diseases.
• Biomedical engineering - spare parts for man, instruments for diagnosis of diseases and care.
• Human population related diseases.
• Human population, growth, problems and control, inequality between sexes, control measures; test-tube babies aminocentesis.
• Future of Biology. 

 Source : ICAR Website